Systematic review critique Essay - 910 Words

Critique of Systematic Review of intravenous acetaminophen Chamberlain College of Nursing NR505: Advance Research Methods: Evidence-Based Practice Fall Session A, 2013 Abstract According to the systematic review covered by Apfel, Turan, Souza, Pergolizzi Hornuss, 2013 there is a significant reduction in postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid use when using intravenous acetaminophen. The reviewers used Medline and Cochrane databases to conduct their search along with a hand search of abstracts to identify randomized-controlled trials using intravenous acetaminophen. The review was to determine if the acetaminophen was going to have a significant decline in nausea and vomiting following surgical procedures as†¦show more content†¦What was started as a study to show that there were less reports of postoperative nausea and vomiting ended up being a study that showed that the two usually ran hand in hand as you cannot have vomiting really without having nausea but on the other hand you can have nausea without vomiting so it was a little hard to show a difference in the two. But also that it not only mattered when they received the acetaminophen t hat it also seemed to help with vomiting more if just one dose was given than if additional doses were also given so one dose worked the best. And while they were not really assessing for pain control it was determined that there was less use of additional opioids if the patient received acetaminophen. The study has so many ands, buts and in additions to. It seemed like the results were all over the place making it hard to determine if the initial question truly was answered. Here is one example to show how things seemed to contradict each other Number needed to treat for i.v. acetaminophen was 12.3 (7.6–32.3) for nausea and 14.2 (8.3– 50.8) for vomiting. Sensitivity analysis revealed that i.v. acetaminophen reduced nausea (0.63, 0.54–0.75) and vomiting (0.42, 0.31– 0.56) in investigator-initiated trials, but did not reduce nausea (1.12, 0.85–1.48) and even increased vomiting (1.41, 1.02–1.96) in industry- sponsored clinical trials. A closer look showed that i.v. acetaminophen was generallyShow MoreRelatedCritique of Systematic Review1360 Words   |  6 PagesCritique of Systematic Review Mary Odenwalder Nur 518 April 7, 2014 Jane Cash Critique of Systematic Review The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all infants breastfeed exclusively until six months old to achieve optimum growth. Despite this recommendation, only one out of every three children are exclusively breastfed for the first six months. This includes countries that have a high rate of breastfeeding initiation. Recent data has shown that the exclusive breastfeedingRead MoreQuality of Life, Research Critique Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: QUALITY OF LIFE, RESEARCH CRITIQUE Quality of Life, Research Critique Lisa Spann Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Professor Anna Auler October 04, 2012 Quality of Life, Research Critique As the ability to prolong chronological life advances, the question is when is the effort enough or too much? The term coined â€Å"quality of life† or QoL is thrown out to be a point of reference. The certain point at which determined the efforts are no longerRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research Review1605 Words   |  7 Pages Systematic Research Review Stephanie Rogers Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 505: Advanced Research Methods September 2016 â€Æ' Systematic Research Review As advancements are made in science and technology that relates to the care of patients, it is critical for nurses to be aware of the treatments that have been proven to be evidence-based. Systematic research reviews (SRR) are considered to have the highest ranking or level of evidence falling under level 1 evidence for reliability, validityRead MoreA Research Study On Ivf890 Words   |  4 PagesBefore this systematic review published, only two reviews were available of outcomes for singletons after IVF techniques. In comparison with natural conception, it has been proposed that the obstetric results of pregnancies are poorer with IVF/ICSI. Today, it is reported that the number of women that undergo IVF/ICSI process is increasing around the world. With this, I am curious about the risks for women having IVF/ICSI and how perilous it is to them since the process is not natural. I would alsoRead MorePeripheral Intravenous Infusion For Medications, Fluids, And Nutrient Administration9 26 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch to truly determine its effectiveness. The following systematic research review (SRR) focuses on ten eligible studies regarding the use of heparin as either an intermittent flush or continuous infusion compared to normal saline flushes to prevent thrombosis or occlusion in PIVs from occurring in neonates. Furthermore, this paper will analyze and critique the articles used for this review to determine its overall validity. Critique of Research Rigor Scientific rigor in quantitative researchRead MoreEvaluation Of A Research On Management Education1516 Words   |  7 PagesNot† (JME-16-0084-ETR). I have completed the evaluation of your paper by soliciting reviews from three experts, who assessed the potential contribution to management education research. Based on their assessment and mine, I would like to offer a high risk revise and resubmit for this manuscript. As I understand it from my reading and the reviewers’ comments, the aim of this manuscript is to provide a systematic review of criticality in the management education domain. Like most instructors who aspireRead MoreEvidence Based Practice4004 Words   |  17 Pageson which one provides better evidence based on their design (Evans, 2003). This reflects different types of research designs to distinguish ones that are susceptible to bias to ones that have sound results [National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 1996]. Mulhall (2002) and Hanberg amp; Brown (2006) cite the gap between research and practice and how it can be implemented. In order for EBP to work, adjustments to attitudes, values and work behaviour have to be made (McCluskeyRead MoreFreedom Therapy : A Psychological Intervention For People Facing Serious Illness1660 Words   |  7 Pagestasks and address their emotional and existential need for the end of life patients (Fitchett et al, 2015). In dignity therapy patients completed systematic life review that captured the loveliest and most important moment, the lesson they have to learn in life and any dreams and hopes they haves for their loved one in the future. And the life systematic review is recorded, transcribed and edited to create an official legacy document, and it is can be given to patients as a gift and it can be bequeathedRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Essay examples4129 Words   |  17 Pages(Cullum and Droogan, 1999; Rolit and Beck, 2006). I am completing this assignment to cultivate the skills at enable me to effectively assess the validity of research that may shape my practice. There are numerous tools available to help reviewers to critique research studies (Tanner 2003). I have elected to use the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. I chose CASP as it is simple, directive and appropriate to quantitative research. The research article had a clear concise and easily understandableRead MoreA Study Based Interventions Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder3343 Words   |  14 PagesNicholas, Zwaigenbaum McConnel, 2013). The family-centered approach has proven to increase parent satisfaction, child outcomes and decrease stress (Ahmann Johnson, 2000). Evidence Based Occupational Therapy is an approach through evaluation and critique of current evidence to make conscientious, clear and wise decisions about client-centered therapy (Bennett Bennett, 2000). Evidence based practice aligns with the competencies of the Occupational Therapy Board of NZ (OTBNZ, 2010). Competency

The Agriculture Industry By How The Producer Orchestrates...

Envision a long day of sorting off cattle, doing chores, and doing odd jobs around the farm then having to come home and make supper for the family and still try to be engaged in a child’s day at school? After a long day, a family often sits in the living room and watches hours of television shows, or browses movies on Netflix, but the only shows that you receive are the farming shows. Although these shows may be relaxing and interesting, they can form negative views about the agriculture industry by how the producer orchestrates the program. When people watch a movie, they talk about how farming culture has enough farming specific mannerisms that other non-farming people will misunderstand when they see popular representations of it in modern culture. For example, glimpses of farm life on the internet and television can show how each gender plays a role in the agriculture industry. People think the only gender who can normal labor are the stereotypical â€Å"farmer boys.â₠¬  When in reality anyone can work in agriculture. The public perception of farming culture is outdated, as revealed by gender roles in the mainstream representation of agricultural living. When people think of the farming movies, a couple of generalizations come to their mind. The women are inside the house cooking meals, cleaning and putting everything in order, sending the kids off to school, and helping with their homework, as well as making a chore list for them to help the men out. The men, on the otherShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Organic Farming Policy of M.P, Sikkim, Karnataka and Kerala States of India7559 Words   |  31 Pagesinterest of the MNCs or Farm Input Supplier Companies. In this whole document we will try to find out how the policy is addressing the following issuesï  ¶ Is the main thrust on livelihoods and improving net returns of farmers, or is it about export and niche markets? ï  ¶ Does the policy emphasise on internalisation of farm inputs or is it created for providing opportunities to the organic industry, where farmers will buy things from various input factories/entities/outfits? ï  ¶ Have farmers institutionsRead MoreComparative Education13537 Words   |  55 Pagesorganized educational system, which is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary (college) education. Primary and secondary education is usually imparted at public schools although a strong network of private schools also exists. All educational programs in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education. Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school while secondary education consists of collà ¨ge for the first four years after primary school and the lycà ©eRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesis ever continuing. Yet if you recently ate soya sauce in a Chinese restaurant, munched popcorn in a movie theatre, or indulged in an occasional candy bar - you ve undoubtedly ingested this new type of food. You may have, at the time, known exactly how much salt, fat and carbohydrates were in each of these foods because regulations mandate their labeling for dietary purposes. But you would not know if the bulk of these foods, and literally every cell had been genetically altered! In just those threeRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagesinstitutions† than others. Even though many scholars including John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Douglass North and Robert Thomas have emphasized the importance of economic institutions, we are far from a useful framework for thinking about how economic institutions are determined and why they vary across countries. In other words, while we have good reason to believe that economic institutions matter for economic growth, we lack the crucial comparative static results which will allow us toRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesconsumers but are spread across a diverse set of industries. A) metamarket B) vertically integrated market C) horizontally integrated market D) marketspace E) synchronized market Answer: A Page Ref: 9 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 21) Consider the real estate industry. The ________ for this industry includes construction companies, financing institutions, paint manufacturers, interior decorators, furniture manufacturers, and plumbing industries. A) marketspace B) latent market C) needRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesCase Teaching Notes The LEGO Group: Working with Strategy The Global Pharmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill Vodafone: Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market European Tour Operators: Confronting Competition in the Tourism Industry Evolution and Revolution in the Hi-Fi Sector Amazon.com ï £ ©2007 - Early 2009 The Formula 1 Constructors Web Reservations International: Challenging Industry Norms Manchester United FC: Continuing Success but at What Cost? Hermes Fund ManagementRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource

Essay on Slavery In America - 1014 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade-Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes cooking and cleaning, while men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. They were shipped from Africa by the Europeans, quot;The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Tradequot;. This was an organized route where†¦show more content†¦The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. Slavery in the middle of the 1800s was abolished except for the rebellion states in the south. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states that had rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. The nightmare of slavery was over but a new one was to begin. One that was worse for it was prevalent but was secret and silent. One that exists today. One that does not shrink but rather grows. Racism was and is still upon us. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Ku Klux Klan has been around since the end of the civil war. It is a roller coaster of a history. From extreme power, to rapid decline, and slow reemergence. The clan, who is notorious for its violence, has a relatively innocent beginning. It was formed from some veterans from the confederate army and was first called the Kuklos Clan which, in Greek, meant Circle Clan. One person thought it would be a good idea to call it the quot;Ku Klux Klanquot; as a parody of the fraternity names which always had three Greek alphabet letters in it. They created the Clan to be mischievous and to do it without anyone knowing who they were which accounts for their costumes and masks. They, like mostShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of America And America1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1619, there was a Dutch ship that arrived in America to trade for food. But instead of an object, such as silk or wine, they were trading humans. These humans were Africans who were not treated as normal human beings, but as if they were just an object or animal. On their voyage over to America, all the slaves were crammed into the lower part of the ship. They were forbidden to move and had to remain lying down for the entire voyage. For those on the ship to be sure the slaves were not causingRead MoreSlavery in America941 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in America Does anyone know who really started slavery? Slavery first took place in North America, 1619 at a British colony of Jamestown Virginia† (Boles, John). This caused slavery to spread throughout the American colonies. Slavery had a huge impact on America and still does till this day. Slavery was nothing new when it came to America. It’s been going on since before the 1400’s.†Slavery had existed in Europe from classical times and did not disappear with the collapse of the Roman Empire†Read MoreSlavery in America1124 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone knows that slavery in America was a difficult time for African Americans. But do people truly understand how hard it was for the African American female slaves? Harriet Jacobs goes into detail about her life as a slave and gives the female perspective under the alias Linda Brent in the novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She states that everything she says in the book is completely true. There are stereo types of black women during this time: being looked upon as sexual objects andRead MoreThe Slavery Of Slavery And The Colonization Of America941 Words   |  4 PagesProblem of Slavery Introduction The slavery is a relationship established between two individuals and involves the complete and absolute control of each other. Usually, this domain is established from the force, becoming the slave of an object or possession of the owner, so you end up losing not only their freedom but also their humanity and dignity being. The cases of slavery in the history of humanity are many and are always imbued with very bloody and very violent stories as they pose most absoluteRead MoreSlavery in America743 Words   |  3 Pagestrees along the riverbank were bent with swinging corpses – a grisly warning to others dreaming of liberty. Other planters resisted emancipation more legalistically, stubbornly protesting that slavery was lawful until state legislatures or the Supreme Court declared otherwise. For many slaves the shackles of slavery were not struck off in a mighty single blow but had to be broken link by link. Prodded by the bayonets of Yankee armies all masters were eventually forced to recognize their slaves’Read MoreSlavery in America Art1205 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated, but ultimately the Civil War surrounded the legality of slavery in America. Everyone knows that Abraham Lincoln ended the ability to legally own slaves, therefore freeing slaves. Before Abraham Lincoln ended slavery, many slaves found freedom for themselves by running away to the northern states where slavery was illegal. Eastman Johnson, an American painter of the nineteenth century, depicts an African-American family fleeing slavery during the Civil War in his oil-painting titled A Ride to LibertyRead MoreSlavery And Its Impact On America1353 Words   |  6 Pages Slavery in America had a tight hold over the southern half. It was primarily located in the southern portion and African American slaves were held on large plantations and out in the fields. Some were even leased into the industrializing fa ctories. Ever since slavery in America started, slaves were considered property. Every black person was a white persons â€Å"property†. Now American had a belief, a belief that every man were entitled to God-given rights. The rights could not be stripped fromRead MoreSlavery And The Making Of America1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe film â€Å"Slavery and The Making Of America† covered the beginning of American slavery in the British colonies until the end of slavery in the southern states and post-civil war reconstruction. This film shows viewers remarkable stories of individual slaves, providing new perspectives on how unjust the slaves experiences were, and besides all the trouble they were facing still having to survive and shape their own lives. The British colonies in North America had an abundance of land and a scarcityRead MoreThe History of Slavery in the Americas732 Words   |  3 Pageswork very hard on plantations and in mines. In the early 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as an inexpensive, harder labored source, much better than indentured servants (who were mostly poor Europeans). In 1619, a Dutch ship brought 20 African Americans to the British colonies of Jamestown, Virginia, Charleston, and mostly any other big cities on the cost. Slavery spread throughout the American colonies pretty fast. It is impossible to give an exact number,Read MoreThe Issue of Slavery in America1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe North and South -1820 to 1850 The period between 1820s to the 1850s and eve beyond was majorly dominated by the concern about the issue of slavery in America. This was the talk of the time with some advocating for the free will to do with the slaves as they wanted yet others advocating for the total ban on slavery as well as slave trade within the USA. It is worth noting that the North was more of an industrial region and yet he south was more of agricultural region. This was the economic

Irony in Pride and Prejudice - 995 Words

Irony in Pride and Prejudice Irony forms the alma mater of Jane Austen’s novels. Likewise, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is steeped in irony of theme, situation, character, and narration. Austen uses it to establish the contrast between appearance and reality. As one examines â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, one discovers the ironic significance of how pride leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride. Importantly, the novel elucidates how both â€Å"Pride† and â€Å"Prejudice† have their corresponding virtues bound up within them: an intricate relationship that is at once contradictory yet deep. This goes in parlance with the critics of Austen who hold that she used irony as a shield to express her radical ideas. It enables her to expose the ills behind†¦show more content†¦Mr. Darcy remarks about Elizabeth that: â€Å"tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We relish the ironical flavour of this statement much later when we reflect that the woman who was not handsome enough to dance with was really good enough for him tomarry. He removes Bingley from Netherfield because he considers it imprudent to forge a marriage alliance with the Bennet Family, but himself ends up marrying the second Bennet sister. Collins proposes to Elizabeth when her heart is full of Wickham and Darcy proposes to her exactly at the moment when she hates him most. Elizabeth tells Mr. Collins that she is not the type to reject the first proposal and accept the second but does exactly this when Darcy proposes a second time. The departure of the militia from Meryton was expected to put an end to Lydias flirtations. Ironically, it brings about her elopement. The Lydia-Wickham episode may seem like an insurmountable barrier between Elizabeth and Darcy, but is actually instrumental in bringing them together. Lady Catherine, attempting to prevent their marriage only succe eds in hastening it. Irony in character is even more prominent than irony of situation. It is ironical that Elizabeth who prides herself on her perception is quite blinded by her own prejudices and she errs in judging intricate characters. Wickham appears suave and charming but isShow MoreRelated Essay on the Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen uses the elements of both pride and prejudice to develop the satire in her novel. Austen presents pride as both a vice and a virtue. Austen first introduces pride as a vice of arrogance and prejudice, but as the characters in the novel develop so does the concept of pride. Towards the end of the novel pride becomes the vehicle for many of the noble actions taken by the main characters. Austen skillfully interweaves the two parts ofRead More Irony in Pride and Prejudice Essay2389 Words   |  10 PagesPride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen. This romantic novel, the story of which revolves around relationships and the difficulties of being in love, was not much of a success in Austens own time. However, it has grown in its importance to literary critics and readerships over the last hundred years. There are many facets to the story that make reading it not only amusing but also highly interesting. The reader can learn much about the upper-class society ofRead More Characterization and Irony in Pride and Prejudice Essay2991 Words   |  12 PagesCharacterization and Irony in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Like all true literary classics, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is still capable of engaging us, both emotionally and intellectually (Twayne back flap) through its characters and themes. This essay illustrates how Jane Austen uses the characterization of the major characters and irony to portray the theme of societal frailties and vices because of a flawed humanity. Austen writes about the appearance vs. the reality of the charactersRead MoreEssay on Irony Used in Austens Pride and Prejudice1168 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen combines the theme of irony with satire and drama in Pride and Prejudice to emphasize the overall basic plot of the story. Essentially, the positions and stances the characters hold on the issues on family, marriage, and love, change throughout the book, differing from the previous expectations seen at the beginning of the novel for each individual character. A great example of this is the position that Mr. Bennet holds on the idea of a happy marriage at the beginning of the novel, andRead More Essay on Irony, Values and Realism in Pride and Prejudice1152 Words   |  5 PagesIrony, Values and Realism in Pride and Prejudice The focus of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is the prejudice of Elizabeth Bennet against the apparent arrogance of her future suitor, Fitzwilliam Darcy, and the blow to his pride in falling in love with her. The key elements of the story are the irony, values and realism of the characters as they develop. Jane Austen ¹s irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness and hypocrisy. Self-delusion or the attempt to fool other people areRead More Irony and Social Commentary in Pride and Prejudice Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesIrony and social commentary in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† Like any other society, nineteenth-century England had its share of foppish fools and fawning leeches, hot-blooded lovers and garrulous, gossiping women. While few people exhibit these failings with abandonment, few escape their taint altogether. In the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice,† the author Jane Austen satirizes these instances of – not social evils– rather, unpleasant social peculiarities, via a most careful use of irony in the dialoguesRead More Irony in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Essay3430 Words   |  14 PagesIrony in Pride and Prejudice Critics have examined Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, since its creation. In this novel, Austen uses and irony to produce a masterpiece. Austen opens the novel with what appears to be a sarcastic sentence. She writes, IT is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife (Austen 5). Most readers think of this as humorous and quite laughable. It does not necessarily follow that a manRead MorePride and Prejudice Narrative Style Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen the author of Pride and Prejudice a novel where irony is considered the foundation for this novel. Irony, humour and the extensive use of dialogue complement each other to create an inviting novel for potential readers to lose themselves in. Irony is used to show the difference in truth and the way things may seem. Austen uses irony to create deeper emotions and laugh and characters perceptions in the novel. Humour is also used to show relationships but to guide the reader to understandRead MoreJane Austens Influence in the Romantic Period958 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop the first draft o f three of her novels. In 1809, Jane initiated to take her writing career seriously, and in a span of four years, she published four different novels that became profoundly successful: â€Å"Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), and Emma (1815)† (Smith). â€Å"After publishing Emma, Jane started to develop symptoms of what may have been Addisons disease, and in July 18, 1817, Jane died† (Klackle). To show the honor that they had to their sisterRead MoreEssay about Importance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice822 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice Manners have survived throughout the many passing years of history and culture to influence the ways human beings interact even today in the way we relate to one another: what is acceptable and unacceptable social behavior. Proper manners in everything from conversation to eating have long been distinguishing mark of social status. Even now they are often important in business and social situations. But in the eighteenth century, manners

Australian Competition Consumer Legislation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Competition Consumer Legislation? Answer: Introducation A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. An agreement is established between two parties known as an offeror and an offeree. When an offeror makes and offer to an offeree and the same is accepted by the offeree then an agreement is formed between two. For an agreement to be in category of a contract it is necessary that apart for the offer and its acceptance there must be intention of parties to contract, consideration and capacity of parties.(Stone, 2005) An offer is an intent made by an offeror to an offeree to perform or not to perform certain tasks. It is the intention of the offeror which he communicates to an offeree and is held in Australian Woollen MillsPty. Ltd.v. TheCommonwealth[1954]. An offer is concluded when it is communicated to the person for whom the same is meant. An offer can be in written or an oral form. Offer may be for a specific person or for the world at large. The case law of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1892) is based on concept of general and specific offers.. Now, an offer can be revoked by the offeror either expressly or by lapse of time. When the offeror gave a specific time duration within which the offeree must accept the offer and if the offeree does not accept the offer within such time frame then there is revocation of offer on the basis of lapse of time and is held in Goldsbrough, Mort Co Ltd v Quinn[1910]. Invitation to treat An invitation to treat is a concept in contract law which is different from an offer. when the intended person wish to receive proposals from the public at large or specific persons and thus in order to do so he makes advertisements, holds auctions, tenders, display of goods etc and thus receives proposals (offer), then the intended person is an inviter and the act is an act of invitation to treat and is held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953]. The proposal are received from the offeror and the inviter must act like an offeree who if accepts the offers so received results in a binding relationship amid the parties. In the leading case of Harris v Nickerson(1873), it was held by the court that an advertisement is not an offer, rather, the same is construed as an invitation to treat and any person who is interested in the advertisement must make an offer to the advertiser. Acceptance An acceptance is the second most important ingredient in contract law. An acceptance is the confirmation to the terms of the offer by the offeree and is held in Airways Corp of New Zealand v GeyserlandAirways Ltd [1996]. An acceptance is the mirror image of the offer. If the acceptance is made with different terms that are part of an offer then the acceptance is not the mirror image of the offer and such an acceptance is not valid and is called counter offer and is held in Pars TechnologyLimitedv City Link Transport HoldingsLimited (1999). A counter offer revokes the original offer and must be regarded as new offer in law which is made by the offeree (new offeror) to the old offeror. The old offeror now becomes the new offeree and if he accepts the new offer then there is a bonding contract amid the parties. But, mere request or communication of informations cannot be regarded as an acceptance in law and is held in Stevenson, Jacques and Co v McLean (1880). An acceptance is considered to be complete in law provided the offeror is aware of the same and is held in Latec Finance Pty Ltd v Knight[1969]. When an acceptance is made with the help of instant mode of communication, that is, with the help of telephone, fax, etc, then the communication of acceptance takes place when it comes in the awareness of the offeror. The same rule applies when an acceptance is made with the help of email. Till the time the email is not read by the offeror, the acceptance is not complete unless and until there is a considerable lapse of time has passed and is held in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation[1955]. But, the rule is not applicable when the acceptance is with the help of post and it was decided that the acceptance is considered to be over on the part of the offeree as soon as the letter is put into transit. There is no need that the same must come within the awareness of the offeror and is held in Adam v Lindsell[1818]. (HILL , 2001) An acceptance must be revoked with a faster mode of communication so that the acceptance is revoked before it is completed as against the offeree, that is, before it comes within the knowledge of the offeror. Lianne come through an advertisement of Mary wherein she is offering professional services for catering a party. Lianne is interested in throwing a party so she made an email to Mary on 10th June. Since an advertisement is posted on the website by Mary so it is an invitation as per Harris v Nickersonand she must receive offers from public. Lianne sent an email and submitted that she is interested in taking the services of Mary and thus requires the price information. Mary replied with service information which is liked by Lianne and she further provided with her party details. Then again an email is exchanged wherein Mary quoted that for the services she would like to charge $ 10,000. However, no quote in law is considered to be an offer and thus the quotation of Mary is also not an offer. Against the quotation that is submitted by Mary to Lianne, Lianne decided to make an offer to Mary and submitted that she would like to take the services of Mary at the reduced price of $ 9,500. Now, this is the first time that against the invitation of Mary, it was Lianne who made an offer of $ 9,500. It is now upon Mary to either accept the offer or reject the same. It is found that Mary decided to accept the offer of Lianne at $ 9,500 but when she made the acceptance she submitted that she requires 10% of the non-refundable deposit and that she will accept the offer only when the same is received within seven days. Now, the acceptance of Mary is not as per the rule of acceptances and her acceptance was not the mirror image of the offer of Lianne. She made variations and thus this variation in the acceptance has made the acceptance into counter offer. So, the counter offer of Mary cancels the offer of Lianne. The only offer that is now valid is the counter offer of Mary at a price of $ 9,500 with 10% non-refundable deposit within seven days. No response is received from Lianne for ten days. Thus, the counter offer (new offer) of Mary is already revoked as per Butler Machine ToolCo Ltdv Ex-Cell-O CorpLtd [1977]. Thus, when on 20th June, Lianne sent an email of her acceptance, such acceptance has no validity in law. There is no obligation on Mary to abide by such acceptance. But, against the mail of Lianne on 20th June, Mary against submitted that she will now gave the service for $ 10,000. Now, this statement is a new offer which is now made by Mary to Lianne. This new offer of Mary was approved by Lianne by sending an email which was not read by Mary for next five hours, also, within next half an hour Lianne also send an email of revocation which is also read by Mary after five hours. Now, a presumption is drawn here and it is assumed that the revocation email is read by Mary prior to the acceptance email. So, the acceptance was revoked by Lianne before it is complete a against Mary. So, there is no acceptance by Lianne to the offer of Mary and thus there is no contract. Based on the assumption made, it is submitted that since the revocation email is read by Mary prior to the acceptance email, thus, there is no concluding contract amid the parties. The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) is the enactments which aims at safeguarding the interest of the consumers and imposes strict guarantees that must be cater by the manufacturers and suppliers of the goods and services. Now, the most important question is who the consumer is? The ACL has submitted in its section 3 that any person who is purchasing the goods worth up to $ 40,000 is a consumer. However, if the worth of the goods exceeds $ 40,000 still the person is considered to be a consumer provided the goods so purchase is for personal consumption or domestic use. (Australia, 2011) Once a person is regarded as a consumer as per section 3 of ACL then the manufacturer, supplier, imported is imposed with few obligations that must be comply with by them in each and every situation. Firstly, as per section 18 of ACL, no act must be carried out which deceive or mislead the consumer; secondly, no representation must be made which is misleading or false in nature, as per section 29 of ACL; thirdly, if the goods are not of acceptable quality then there is violation of section 54 of ACL and is held in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1935); fourthly, if the specific usage of the good is communicated to the supplier then the goods so supplied must match the goods so supplied (Section 55) (David Jones v Willis (1934); fifthly, if the goods are sold as per description, then the good so supplied must match the description (section 56 of ACL) (Beale v Taylor (1967). Application of law As per the facts of the case, it is assumed that there is a valid contract that is made out between Lianne and Mary for a contractual amount of $ 9,500. Now, as per section 3, Lianne is a consumer because the services supplied by Mary are not more than $ 40,000. So, the guarantees that are established under ACL is applicable upon Mary to be furnished in order to avoid liabilities. It is found that most of the requirements that is desired by Lianne was not met by Mary. Thus, there is breach of several consumer guarantees, that is: When the services are supplied by Mary to Lianne, then, Lianne specifically told to Mary that she is interested in a party which must be based on Malaysian theme. She also specified that the music must be Zapin and Joget with ethinic foods and drinks of high quality. She also required a dancing room on board. But, it is submitted that these requirements of Lianne was not met by Mary. This is because the food so supplied was not Malaysians, rather, Russian food was provided. The dancing room was not provided and the boat was not adequate to fit in the entire guest. Thus, the services that are sought by Lianne were already described by her but the services that are provided do not match the purpose for which the services are required. Thus, there is clear breach of section 55 of ACL. Also, when the advertisement laws posted on the website by Mary then she declared that they are professional and stylish, they are represented that they are professional for holding boat parties. However, these representations were found to be false and the boat that was provided was congested and could not hold all the guests. Also, they were not professionals in their conduct. Thus, there was clear violation of section 18 and cession 29 of ACL. Advertisements published by businesses appear in various media such as television, radio, print, or internet. In Australia, as elsewhere, advertisements are designed to have a certain impact or effect on those who see, read or hear them. The business advertiser needs to be careful about statements made in its advertisements given that they are subject to legal rules developed by the courts as well as by parliament. The statement made above seems to be justified in nature. considering the number of legal framework that are developed in Australia, it is justified in submitted that the business advertiser needs to be careful about statements made in its advertisements given that they are subject to legal rules developed by the courts as well as by parliament. (Horvath et al, 2009) In order to authenticate the statements made above it is now important to lay down some of the legislations that are enacted by the government of Australia which are binding upon the advertisers and must be followed in order to avoid consequences. Firstly, any misleading or deceptive advertisement is not permitted as per section 18 of ACL. Bait advertisements are violation of section 18. Also, those advertisements which cannot be understood, read or interpret by the public are bait in nature. if the advertisement does not disclose the true information or provides inadequate or no information then it is nothing but a misleading action on the part of the advertiser; secondly, the advertisements that misleads or make false information in the advertisements is misleading and is considered to be violation of section 29 of the law. If any claim is made regarding the origin or the good or quality or style or false testimonial or false claim that repair services will be provided or false characteristics, sponsorship, accessories or a false claim that the goods are novel or false declaration of rebates, prizes etc are volition of section 29 of ACL; thirdly, when the advertiser on the basis of his stronger position take undue advantage to itself at the cost of the relying party then it is an act of unconsiousable conduct and is prohibited under section 20 of the ACL; fifthly, AANA Code of Ethics is established which lay downs guidelines which are applicable upon the marketing and advertising of the products which must be cater by the advertiser; sixthly, many codes and enactments are made which imposes strict obligations of the advertisers which includes, Food and Beverage Industry, ABAC Responsible Alcohol Marketing Code, Australia Food and Grocery Council Responsible Childrens Marketing Initiative of the Australian; Weight Management Industry Code of Practice 2015, Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code 2015. Thus, it is submitted that the role of the advertiser is very crucial and there are several representations and informations that are provided by the advertiser which are relied upon the consumer. Thus, it is the paramount duty of the advertiser to provide such information and indulge in such actions which ado not misguide or harm the consumer in any manner whatsoever. Reference List Australia (2011) Australian Competition and Consumer Legislation 2011, CCH Australia Limited. HILL, S (2001) Email contracts When is the contract formed?, JlLawInfoSci 4. Horvath et al et al, (2009) Consumer Protection Law Developments, American Bar Association. Stone R (2005) The Modern Law of Contract, The Modern Law of Contract. Adam v Lindsell[1818]. Airways Corp of New Zealand v GeyserlandAirways Ltd [1996]. Australian Woollen MillsPty. Ltd.v. TheCommonwealth[1954]. Beale v Taylor (1967). Butler Machine ToolCo Ltdv Ex-Cell-O CorpLtd [1977]. Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1892). David Jones v Willis (1934). Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation[1955]. Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1935). Goldsbrough, Mort Co Ltd v Quinn[1910]. Harris v Nickerson(1873). Latec Finance Pty Ltd v Knight[1969]. Pars TechnologyLimitedv City Link Transport HoldingsLimited (1999). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953]. Stevenson, Jacques and Co v McLean (1880).

To what extent did Shakespeare make us believe that the Friar was to blame for the tragic events that happened in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

To what extent did Shakespeare make us believe that the Friar was to blame for the tragic events that happened in Romeo and Juliet? Essay In Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurence plays a major role; in the impossible marriage of Romeo and Juliet, Juliets death plan as well as in Romeos death. Without the Friar many crucial and tragic events would not have happened in Romeo and Juliet, but how much does Shakespeare convince us that the Friar is to blame for the tragic ending, and that he is the sole influence that drives Romeo and Juliet to end their lives so terribly? The Friar is established as an honoured man, who sells herbs and medicines to the people of Verona and is an ancient pharmacist, who produces potions for both causes of good and evil. He makes his first appearance in the play at the beginning of Act Two, Scene 3, during which Shakespeare gives us a background to his thoughts and personality through his short lecture on herbal drugs that can kill and cure. O, mickle is the powerful grace that lies/ In plants, herbs, stones, and their true qualities. For naught so vile that on earth doth live / But to the earth some special good doth give; / Nor aught so good but, strained from that fair use, / Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse. and Wisely, and slow. They stumble that run fast. give the impression that he is a wise and intelligent man, and from his speech you get the impression that he is good-hearted and has good intentions. The Friars close relationship with Romeo is also revealed in this scene, as Romeo confesses his love for Juliet to Friar Laurence, who is clearly accustomed to hearing Romeos confessions of love and who has evidently given him advice in the past. His knowledge of Romeos life builds the reputation that he is a man of trust, not one that would deceive a true friend, although other parts of the speech indicate a slight foreshadowing of the incidents that will occur Within the infant rind of this small flower / Poison hath residence, and medicine power; / Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. In this way, it would seem that Shakespeare is leading us to believe that the Friar is to some extent in control of the story and the plotline, and will play a vital part in the scenes ahead whether it is for the good of his own intentions or for Romeo and Juliets benefits. Perceptibly this morality literally applies to the drug that he will provide for Juliet, as well as the poison that Romeo takes to kill himself. However, it also surely reflects upon the romance around which the play centres, though the Friars meaning is questionable. Does he mean that love is true when it is freely given, but unworthy when it is used as the to ol for politics and agreements (between the Capulets and the Montagues) as modern audiences might assume, or does he mean that lawful married love is honourable and that it becomes sinful when it is carried out for unhonest desires amidst the shame of stoln contracts? After all, Friar Laurence does not immediately approve of Romeos plan to marry Juliet, and asks him Is Rosaline, that thou didst love so dear,/ So soon forsaken? In this scene the use of the Friars formal language of rhyme and proverbs as opposed to Romeos romantic poetry stresses the need for caution towards Romeo and represents the Friar as a fatherly sort of figure. As well as this, the Friars sophisticated tone of language shows his wisdom and understanding, which does change later in the play as he begins to get more desperate and uncertain of his actions. This change of character and decrease in confidence leads the audience to believe that perhaps the Friars plan is not so well-thought out after all and gives them reason to doubt that the Friar is an all-knowing wise man who knows what to do in problematic situations. Romeos arguments in favour of his current love for Juliet are hardly very creditable: Her I love now/ Does grace for grace, and love for love allow/ The other did not. In this scene (Act 2 Scene 3), Shakespeare shows Romeo as irrational and impatient, determined to marry Juliet after only one brief encounter the previous evening. The Friar even tries desperately to convince Romeo that he is being far too hasty, and that he should hold back and think about his true feelings if he is acting on impulse or if it is true love So soon forsaken? Young mens love then lies/ Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. In this way, the Friar does do the right thing and does seem to respond to what the audience is actually thinking at this point (have they not only seen each other once? Is it not only the next day?). Shakespeare gives the audience someone to relate to and this builds up the trust between the audience and the Friar at the start of the play for additional dramatic effect later on. Friar Laurence does agree to help Romeo and Juliet as he is convinced by Romeos sincerity, but for a specific reason (in one respect, as he says), specifically that This alliance may so happy prove/ To turn your households rancour to pure love. Here the audience is given the idea that the Friars intentions are in fact good to resolve the everlasting feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. Looked at more closely, Friar Laurence could be accused of helping to arrange Romeo and Juliets marriage for reasons that have nothing to do with their love; though he wants to create peace, he is arguably as keen to use marriage for the purposes of alliance as Juliets father is when he attempts to make Juliet marry Paris. As things get more twisted and the plot thickens, the Friars motive for marrying Romeo and Juliet evidently leads to destruction, as everybody seems to keep secrets from each other for different purposes; whether it is for love, hate or for carrying on the family name. It is impossible that all of these plans will turn out well at least some will fail, and even though the Friar may be portrayed as a trigger for the chain of tragic events that follow, it cannot be all down to him. Shakespeare,Renaissance,Queen Elizabeth, and Elizabethan TheaterReferring back to the play, even after Mercutios death and Romeos banishment Friar Laurence does not see the destructiveness of Romeo and Juliets marriage. Instead he continues to attempt to keep Romeo and Juliet together. However, his plan is short-sighted, poorly thought out and risky. Friar Laurence devises the plan in haste and in desperation simply because Juliet is there in his presence threatening suicide rather than to marry Paris. Unless thou tell me how I may prevent it. / If, in thy wisdom thou canst give no help, / Do but call my resolution wise, / And with this knife Ill help it presently (Act 4 Scene 1). To appease Juliet, Friar Laurence gives her a potion to consume that will enable her to feign death, by this means avoiding her marriage to Paris. He calls his plan as desperate as an execution as he is telling her of it which is quite an ironic thing to say, as it suggests that if Juliet does decide to go ahead with his plan she could get killed in an exceptionally painful death approximating an execution, and his language here is indeed desperate. The fact that the Shakespeare gives the Friar language that causes him to appear extremely desperate and distressed at this point triggers you to begin to worry; given that he is established at the start of the play as a very wise, knowledgeable and holy man who can even prefigure some of the events that do in fact take part later on, this gives you more reason to consider that something is not quite right and that the plan is perhaps not working as well as anticipated. In addition, is Friar Laurence attempting to get himself out of the mess he has created by planning Juliets stimulated death? If Juliet did, to her dismay, get married to County Paris, she would have been a wife to two different men. In Shakespearean times, marriage laws were extremely strict and therefore this double marriage would ultimately have resulted in the Friars execution. This situation leads you to believe that Friar Laurence may just be acting on his own agenda, trying to save himself from the situation that he has put himself in rather than Romeo and Juliet, therefore giving you more reason to place more blame on him for the tragedy. More to the point, it is he who almost interrupts the dramatic scene of Romeo and Juliet dying in each others arms with his frantic talking as he enters the churchyard Saint Francis be my speed! How oft tonight / Have my old feet stumbled at graves! Whos there? The fact that he interrupts such an intimate and anticipated scene to some extent ruins the moment, and the audience are quite likely left feeling dreadfully annoyed with the Friar for this reason. In addition he stumbles over the graves, and this was known as a bad omen in Shakespearean times; all the more reason to get the feeling that the Friar was in reality not a matchmaker made in heaven. Conversely, despite all that has gone wrong, the Friar does admit in the final scene (in a rather longwinded speech) that he has done wrong and is ready to face the fatal consequences of his actions I will be brief, for my short date of breath / Is not so long as is a tedious tale. This sentence almost sums up how the Friar understands that his plan was Miscarried by his fault and he is ready for his old life / Be sacrificed, some hour before his time, / Unto the rigour of severest law. This could be Shakespeares way of showing us that the Friar does show remorse to a degree for his unlawful activities, and he is somewhat ashamed of his actions that lead to such devastation. Although the tragedy of Romeo and Juliets deaths is upsetting, the family feud between the Capulets and the Montagues is well and truly over, only because of the Friars plan going wrong. This therefore means that one of the Friars motives for the marriage plan (to make alliance between the two families) does in fact turn out well and according to plan, and some good does come out of his disastrous scheme. To conclude, the Friar is a very interesting character to analyse in Shakespeares play of Romeo and Juliet as there is no true answer as to whether or not Shakespeare was trying to show that he is to blame for the tragedy. He is guilty to some extent, for it is he who is mostly in control of the plotline throughout and could have done differently to adjust the ending, but do we actually want the ending to change? Romeo and Juliet die in each others arms for their extreme love for one and other and the feud between their two families is finally over, despite there being a few deaths along the way. Perhaps the Friars plan is for the greater good after all, as a happy ending would have defeated the purpose of Shakespeares tragedy.